Hawks are a fascinating group of birds of prey known for their keen eyesight, powerful wings, and impressive hunting abilities. In this article, we will explore the diverse species of hawks found in Iowa, along with captivating pictures that showcase their unique beauty.
Iowa is home to various hawk species, each with its own distinct characteristics and habits. From soaring high above open fields to perching in tree branches, these birds exhibit remarkable adaptations for survival and hunting. Whether you’re a bird enthusiast or simply curious about the avian residents of Iowa, this guide will introduce you to ten captivating hawk species that call Hawk Iowa their home.
You’ll gain a deeper appreciation for these aerial predators and their vital role in the ecosystem through stunning pictures and engaging descriptions.
Habitat and Distribution
Hawks in Iowa have distinct preferences when it comes to their habitats. Hawks of Iowa are adaptable and can be found in various habitats, from rural areas to urban landscapes.
However, they have a strong affinity for open spaces with a mix of woodlands, grasslands, and wetlands. Agricultural fields, prairies, and marshes provide ideal hunting grounds for these birds of prey.
Some species, such as the Red-tailed Hawk and Northern Harrier, can be commonly seen soaring above open areas, scanning the ground for prey. Others, like the Cooper’s Hawk and Sharp-shinned Hawk, prefer woodlands and forests, where they navigate through trees in pursuit of smaller birds and mammals.
Range and Population of Hawks in Iowa:
Iowa is a crucial stopover and breeding ground for many iowa hawk species during migration seasons. The state’s strategic location along bird migration routes attracts a diverse array of hawks, including the Iowa hawk species. While some hawks are year-round residents, others pass through Iowa during their migratory journeys.
Among the commonly observed hawks in Iowa are the Red-tailed Hawk, Cooper’s Hawk, Broad-winged Hawk, and Red-shouldered Hawk. The state also provides habitat for the majestic Bald Eagle and the elusive Northern Goshawk.
Iowa’s hawk population varies throughout the year, peaking during migration seasons when numerous species pass through the state. Spring and fall offer excellent opportunities to witness the spectacle of hawks as they navigate the skies during their long-distance journeys.
Physical Characteristics
Hawks in Iowa exhibit various physical characteristics that make them unique and distinguishable, from their size and weight to their coloration and plumage patterns.
Size and Weight:
Hawks vary in size, with the largest species being the Red-tailed Hawk, measuring around 18 to 26 inches and weighing between 2 to 4 pounds.
On the other hand, smaller hawks like the Sharp-shinned Hawk and Cooper’s Hawk measure around 10 to 15 inches in length, weighing between 7 to 14 ounces.
Coloration and Plumage Pattern:
Hawks exhibit a range of coloration and plumage patterns that aid species identification. The most commonly observed hawk in Iowa, the Red-tailed Hawk, has a distinctive reddish-brown tail, while its body features varying shades of brown.
Cooper’s and Sharp-shinned Hawks have slate-gray backs and lighter underparts with fine barring. Other species, such as the Broad-winged Hawk, display a mix of brown and white plumage.
Identification Tips for Different Species of Hawks in Iowa:
Identifying hawks accurately can be challenging due to similarities between certain species. Here are some key tips to help you distinguish between different hawk species in Iowa:
- Silhouette: Pay attention to the overall shape and proportions of the hawk, including the length and shape of its tail, wings, and body. Some hawks, like the Red-tailed Hawk, have broad, rounded wings, while others, like the Cooper’s Hawk, have shorter, more rounded ones.
- Wing Shape: Observe the shape of the hawk’s wings during flight. Red-tailed Hawks soar with their wings held in a slight dihedral shape, while Sharp-shinned Hawks have a flatter wing profile.
- Flight Behavior: Take note of the hawk’s flight behavior. Some species, like the Northern Harrier, have a distinctive low-flying, buoyant flight with their wings held in a V-shape.
- Eye Color: Although not always easy to observe, the eye color of hawks can provide valuable clues. Red-tailed Hawks have pale yellow eyes, while Cooper’s and Sharp-shinned Hawks have bright red eyes.
Behaviors & Diet
Understanding the behaviors and diet of hawks in Iowa provides valuable insights into their ecological roles and hunting strategies.
Feeding Habits & Prey Sources:
Hawks are predatory birds, and their diet primarily consists of small mammals, birds, reptiles, and occasionally, insects. They are skilled hunters that employ various hunting techniques depending on their preferred prey.
Species like the Cooper’s Hawk and Sharp-shinned Hawk specialize in capturing smaller birds, while the Red-tailed Hawk targets rodents and small mammals.
Hawks in Iowa exhibit different feeding habits based on their preferred prey. Some hawks, like the Northern Harrier, engage in low-level flight and use their keen eyesight to spot prey on the ground. Others, like the Red-shouldered Hawk, perch on tree branches, scanning the surrounding areas for movement.
Breeding & Nesting Habits of Iowa Hawks:
Breeding habits among hawk species in Iowa can vary, but most hawks are monogamous and form pair bonds that last for the breeding season. Hawks build nests in elevated locations, such as trees or cliffs, using sticks and twigs. The nests are often large and sturdy, providing a safe place to raise their young.
Breeding seasons for hawks in Iowa typically occur from early spring to summer. During this time, courtship displays and aerial acrobatics can be observed as the hawks establish and reinforce their pair bonds. Once the female lays her eggs, both parents incubate them, ensuring their warmth and protection.
As the breeding season progresses, the parents tirelessly hunt for food to feed their growing chicks. The nestlings gradually develop their flight feathers and acquire essential hunting skills under the guidance of their parents.
Migration Patterns for Iowa’s Hawk Species
Iowa is a critical stopover for many hawk species during their awe-inspiring migratory journeys. Twice a year, hawks embark on remarkable migrations, making their way through the state as they travel to and from their breeding and wintering grounds.
Spring & Fall Migration Routes Through Iowa:
Iowa’s strategic location along major bird migration routes makes it a prime destination for hawks during the spring and fall seasons. As winter gives way to spring, hawks start their northward migration, returning to their breeding grounds in the northern regions. During this time, Iowa becomes a bustling corridor as various hawk species pass through.
As temperatures cool, and food sources dwindle in the fall, hawks begin their southward migration to their wintering grounds. Iowa again becomes a vital rest stop as hawks gather and take advantage of the abundant resources in the state’s diverse habitats.
During these migratory periods, hawk enthusiasts and birdwatchers are treated to the sight of countless hawks soaring across the skies. The diverse landscapes of Iowa provide an ideal backdrop for witnessing the majesty of these birds in flight.
The 10 Species of Hawk in Iowa:
1. Red-tailed Hawk
- Length: Approximately 18-26 inches
- Weight: Typically ranges from 2 to 4 pounds
- Wingspan: Averages around 43 to 56 inches
- Scientific name: Buteo jamaicensis
Nesting:
Red tailed hawks are skilled nest builders, constructing their eyries in tall trees. These nests are sturdy and made of sticks, often lined with softer materials like leaves and moss. They show strong fidelity to their nest sites, returning yearly to raise their young.
Food:
Red tailed Hawks Iowa have a diverse diet, primarily consisting of small mammals such as rodents, rabbits, and squirrels. They also prey on birds, reptiles, and large insects. These hawks employ a hunting strategy that involves soaring high above open areas, using their sharp eyesight to spot potential prey. With impressive speed and agility, they swoop down to capture their target.
Conservation:
The Red tailed Hawk Iowa is classified as a species of least concern regarding conservation status. However, like all raptors, they face threats from habitat loss, pesticide use, and collisions with human-made structures.
Supporting conservation efforts that protect their habitats and raising awareness about the importance of these magnificent birds is crucial for their long-term survival.
Where To Find Them:
Red-tailed Hawks are adaptable and can be found in various habitats, including woodlands, grasslands, farmlands, and urban areas. Keep an eye out for them perched on treetops or soaring gracefully overhead. Look for open fields, wetlands, and the edges of forests where they often hunt for prey.
2. Cooper’s Hawk
- Length: Ranges from approximately 14 to 20 inches
- Weight: Typically weighs between 8 and 24 ounces
- Wingspan: Averages around 24 to 36 inches
- Scientific name: Accipiter cooperii
Nesting:
Cooper’s Hawk Iowa build their nests in dense trees near wooded areas or suburban neighborhoods. They construct their nests using sticks, twigs, and other materials, lining them with softer materials like bark and leaves. These nests are typically placed high up in the tree canopy, providing a secure and hidden location for raising their young.
Food:
Cooper’s Hawks are skilled predators, primarily feeding small to medium-sized birds. Their hunting technique involves surprising prey through dense vegetation with swift and agile flights. Their sharp talons and hooked beaks swiftly capture birds mid-air or on the ground. They are known for their impressive maneuverability and surprise attacks.
Conservation:
Cooper’s Hawks are generally not of conservation concern and are considered stable in their populations. However, like other birds of prey, they face challenges such as habitat loss, pesticides, and collisions with human-made structures. Preserving natural habitats, minimizing pesticide use, and promoting awareness about the importance of these raptors are vital for their continued well-being.
Where To Find Them:
Cooper’s Hawks can be found in various wooded habitats, including forests, woodlands, and suburban areas with mature trees. They are known to frequent backyard feeders, especially in areas where bird populations are abundant. Look for them perched on tree branches or swiftly flying through the trees in pursuit of their avian prey.
3. Northern Harrier
- Length: Approximately 18 to 20 inches
- Weight: Typically weighs between 10 and 26 ounces
- Wingspan: Averages around 40 to 48 inches
- Scientific name: Circus Hudsonius
Nesting:
Northern Harriers typically nest on the ground in open areas such as marshes, grasslands, or meadows. They build their nests in tall grasses or low vegetation, creating a shallow depression lined with grass and other plant materials. The female constructs the nest while the male provides food during the nesting period.
Food:
The diet of Northern Harriers primarily consists of small mammals, including mice, voles, and rabbits. They also feed on small birds, reptiles, and insects.
With their distinctive hunting technique, known as “harrier-style,” they fly low over the ground, using their keen eyesight and hearing to detect prey. They often glide and hover, making sudden dives to catch their unsuspecting prey.
Conservation:
The Northern Harrier is currently listed as a species of least concern regarding conservation status. However, loss of habitat, especially wetland and grassland habitats, remains a concern for their populations.
Protecting and preserving these habitats and implementing sustainable land management practices are essential for the long-term conservation of Northern Harriers.
Where To Find Them:
Northern Harriers can be found in various open habitats, including marshes, wetlands, grasslands, and agricultural fields. They are often observed flying low over these areas, searching for prey. Look for their distinctive flight pattern, characterized by their low, gliding flight with V-shaped wings. They can be seen year-round in some regions, while in others, they may be present during the breeding season or migrate through during specific times of the year.
4. Sharp-shinned Hawk
- Length: Approximately 9 to 14 inches
- Weight: Typically weighs between 3 and 8 ounces
- Wingspan: Averages around 17 to 22 inches
- Scientific name: Accipiter striatus
Nesting:
Sharp-shinned Hawks build their nests in mature forests, usually selecting a sturdy tree close to the trunk. The nest is constructed using sticks and lined with softer materials such as bark and leaves. The female primarily builds the nest, while the male provides food during the nesting period. These hawks are known for their secretive nesting behavior, often placing their nests high in the forest canopy.
Food:
The diet of Sharp-shinned Hawks mainly consists of small birds. With their agile flight and sharp nails, they are expert avian predators. They are known for their remarkable speed and maneuverability while chasing prey through trees and shrubs. Their hunting technique involves surprise attacks, relying on their quick bursts of flight to catch their prey off guard.
Conservation:
Sharp-shinned Hawks are not of immediate conservation concern and are considered stable in their populations. However, they face habitat loss and fragmentation threats and collisions with human-made structures such as windows. Conserving forested habitats and promoting bird-friendly practices, such as reducing window collisions, are essential for their continued well-being.
Where To Find Them:
Sharp-shinned Hawks can be found in various habitats, including forests, woodlands, and suburban areas with ample tree cover. During migration, they may be spotted in open areas and along coastlines. Look for them perched quietly in the trees or swiftly darting through the foliage in pursuit of their avian prey. They are more commonly observed during the fall and spring migration seasons.
5. Broad-winged Hawk
- Length: Approximately 13 to 17 inches
- Weight: Typically weighs between 9 and 20 ounces
- Wingspan: Averages around 31 to 39 inches
- Scientific name: Buteo platypterus
Nesting:
Broad-winged Hawks build their nests in mature forests, often selecting a sturdy tree with dense foliage. The nest is constructed using sticks and lined with softer materials such as leaves and moss.
The female is primarily responsible for building the nest, the male provides food during the nesting period. These hawks are known for their secretive nesting behavior, carefully concealing their nests amidst the forest canopy.
Food:
The diet of Broad-winged Hawks primarily consists of small mammals, such as mice, voles, and chipmunks. They also feed on insects, reptiles, and occasionally small birds. They hunt by soaring high in the sky, scanning the ground below for prey. Once spotted, they execute swift dives to capture their target with their sharp talons.
Conservation:
Broad-winged Hawks are not of immediate conservation concern and are considered stable in their populations. However, like many raptor species, they face threats from habitat loss, deforestation, and the use of pesticides. Protecting their forested habitats and promoting conservation practices safeguarding their prey base is crucial for long-term survival.
Where To Find Them:
Broad-winged Hawks can be found in various forested habitats, including deciduous and mixed forests. During the breeding season, they are primarily found in eastern North America. They are known for their distinctive migration behavior, forming large flocks known as “kettles” during their southward migration. Look for them soaring in thermals or perched on treetops, emitting their characteristic high-pitched whistle.
6. Rough-legged Hawk
- Length: Approximately 18 to 20 inches
- Weight: Typically weighs between 2 and 4 pounds
- Wingspan: Averages around 50 to 55 inches
- Scientific name: Buteo lagopus
Nesting:
Rough-legged Hawks construct their nests on cliffs, trees, or ground in Arctic tundra regions. They build large nests of sticks, twigs, grass, and other vegetation. The female is primarily responsible for nest building, while the male provides food during the nesting period. These hawks are adapted to the harsh Arctic conditions and exhibit unique nesting behaviors in their cold and remote habitats.
Food:
The diet of Rough-legged Hawks primarily consists of small mammals, especially rodents like voles and lemmings. They also feed on birds, reptiles, and occasionally carrion. These hawks are known for their exceptional hunting skills, utilizing their keen eyesight to locate prey from high perches or during hovering flights. Their powerful talons enable them to capture and carry their prey back to their nests.
Conservation:
Rough-legged Hawks are not of immediate conservation concern and are considered stable in their populations. However, they face habitat degradation, disturbance, and pesticide use threats in their breeding and wintering grounds. Protecting their nesting cliffs and preserving suitable hunting habitats in Arctic and wintering areas are crucial for their continued well-being.
Where To Find Them:
Rough-legged Hawks breed in the Arctic tundra and boreal forest regions, primarily in North America and Eurasia. During the winter, they migrate southward to more southern parts of North America. Look for them in open country habitats, including grasslands, marshes, and agricultural fields. Their distinctive hovering flight and white feathers on the base of their tail make them easily recognizable.
7. Red-shouldered Hawk
- Length: Typically measures between 16 and 24 inches
- Weight: Usually weighs around 1.5 to 2.5 pounds
- Wingspan: Spans approximately 37 to 43 inches
- Scientific name: Buteo lineatus
Nesting:
Red-shouldered Hawks build their nests in forested areas, often choosing large trees near wetlands or waterways. They construct bulky nests made of sticks and twigs lined with softer materials like moss and leaves. These hawks are known to reuse their nests year after year, adding new materials to reinforce the structure. The female takes the lead in nest building while the male provides her with food during the process.
Food:
The diet of Red-shouldered Hawks primarily consists of small mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and occasionally birds and insects. They are skilled hunters, using their sharp vision to locate prey from perches or during soaring flights. They swoop down to capture their prey with their sharp talons and then return it to a feeding perch. Their preference for wetland habitats provides them with a rich food source for amphibians and aquatic creatures.
Conservation:
Red-shouldered Hawks have faced declines in the past due to habitat loss and pesticide use. However, conservation efforts, such as habitat preservation and banning harmful pesticides, have contributed to their recovery in many areas. These hawks are considered a species of least concern, but ongoing conservation measures are still necessary to ensure their populations remain stable.
Where To Find Them:
Red-shouldered Hawks can be found in woodland areas throughout North America’s eastern and southeastern regions. Look for them in mature forests, near swamps, rivers, and other water bodies. They prefer habitats with dense vegetation that provides cover and suitable hunting opportunities. Listen for their distinctive vocalizations, including their “kee-yer” call, to help locate them.
8. Swainson’s Hawk
- Length: Typically measures between 18 and 22 inches
- Weight: Usually weighs around 1.5 to 2.5 pounds
- Wingspan: Spans approximately 46 to 56 inches
- Scientific name: Buteo Swainsoni
Nesting:
Swainson’s Hawks are known for their impressive long-distance migrations, traveling from North America to South America each year. They prefer open habitats such as prairies, grasslands, and agricultural fields for nesting.
They build large stick nests on trees, often reusing nests built by other birds like crows or ravens. The female leads the nest building, and both parents share incubation and care for the young.
Food:
The diet of Swainson’s Hawks consists mainly of small mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects. They are skilled aerial hunters, often seen soaring high in the sky as they search for prey.
They use their keen eyesight to spot their target and then swoop down quickly and accurately to catch it. During migration, they also feed on many insects, such as grasshoppers, which can make up a significant portion of their diet.
Conservation:
Swainson’s Hawks face various threats throughout their range, including habitat loss, pesticide exposure, and electrocution from power lines.
Conservation efforts have focused on preserving their nesting habitats, promoting sustainable agriculture practices, and reducing the use of harmful pesticides. These measures have contributed to the recovery of their populations, but continued conservation action is necessary to ensure their long-term survival.
Where To Find Them:
Swainson’s Hawks breed in North America, primarily in the central and western regions. You can find them in open grasslands, prairies, and agricultural areas during the breeding season.
They are known for their impressive migration, with large numbers passing through certain regions during spring and fall. Look for them soaring high in the sky or perched on fence posts and trees while scanning the landscape for food.
9. Northern Goshawk
- Length: Typically measures between 20 and 25 inches
- Weight: Usually weighs around 2 to 4 pounds
- Wingspan: Spans approximately 40 to 46 inches
- Scientific name: Accipiter gentilis
Nesting:
The Northern Goshawk is known for its large and sturdy nests, which are built high in the trees. They prefer mature forests with dense foliage for nesting. The female leads nest construction using sticks, twigs, and branches, while the male assists by bringing materials. The nest is lined with softer materials such as moss and bark. Both parents participate in incubating the eggs and raising the young.
Food:
Northern Goshawks are powerful raptors known for their hunting prowess. Their diet primarily consists of medium-sized birds and mammals.
They are agile and skilled hunters, using their sharp talons and strong wings to pursue and capture prey in flight. They can also surprise their prey by darting through dense forest cover. Their diet may include species such as grouse, pigeons, rabbits, and squirrels.
Conservation:
The conservation status of the Northern Goshawk varies across its range. In some areas, deforestation and habitat loss have impacted their populations. Conservation efforts focus on protecting their forest habitats, promoting sustainable logging practices, and minimizing disturbance during their breeding season. Monitoring and research are crucial in understanding their population trends and conservation needs.
Where To Find Them:
Northern Goshawks are found in various forested regions across North America, Europe, and Asia. They can be found in mature coniferous and mixed forests in North America, especially in mountainous areas. They prefer habitats with a mix of open spaces for hunting and dense trees for nesting. Look for them soaring through the treetops or perched on high branches while scanning for prey.
10. Ferruginous Hawk
- Length: Typically measures between 20 and 26 inches.
- Weight: Usually weighs around 2.2 to 4.4 pounds.
- Wingspan: Spans approximately 49 to 56 inches.
- Scientific name: Buteo regalis.
Nesting:
Ferruginous Hawks construct their nests on elevated sites such as cliffs, rocky outcrops, or tall trees. They build large stick nests lined with softer materials like grass, leaves, and fur. The female leads the nest construction, while the male provides materials. These hawks are known for reusing their nests in subsequent years. They lay their eggs in the spring, and both parents take turns incubating them.
Food:
Ferruginous Hawks are opportunistic hunters, primarily preying on small mammals. They prefer ground squirrels, prairie dogs, rabbits, and other rodents. These hawks use their keen vision to spot prey from high perches or while soaring. They will swoop down quickly to capture their prey using their sharp talons. Occasionally, they also consume birds, reptiles, and insects.
Conservation:
The Ferruginous Hawk faces various conservation challenges due to habitat loss, changes in land use, and potential pesticide exposure. Conservation efforts aim to protect their grassland habitats, promote sustainable land management practices, and reduce human disturbance during their nesting season. Monitoring their populations and promoting awareness about their importance in the ecosystem is crucial for their conservation.
Where To Find Them:
Ferruginous Hawks inhabit open grasslands, shrublands, and desert regions of North America. They prefer areas with sparse vegetation and open spaces for hunting. In the United States, they can be found in states like Montana, Wyoming, New Mexico, and Colorado. Look for them perched on fence posts, utility poles, or in flight above the prairies. Their light-colored plumage and large size make them distinguishable in their habitat.
FAQ’s
Q: What is the most common hawk species in Iowa?
A: The Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) is Iowa’s most commonly seen hawk species. Its wide distribution, adaptable nature, and distinctive red tail make it easily recognizable.
Q: Where can I spot Hawks in Iowa?
A: Hawks can be observed throughout Iowa, but they are often found in open areas such as grasslands, agricultural fields, and woodlands. Look for them perched on trees, poles, or soaring in the sky during their migration seasons.
Q: Do hawks migrate through Iowa?
A: Many hawk species migrate through Iowa during spring and fall. They use Iowa’s open spaces and thermals to navigate their migration routes. These migrations provide excellent opportunities for birdwatchers to spot a variety of hawks.
Q: How can I attract hawks to my backyard?
A: Hawks are natural hunters attracted to areas with ample prey. To attract hawks to your backyard, provide a habitat that supports their food sources, such as installing bird feeders to attract smaller birds and creating bird-friendly gardens that attract rodents and insects.
Q: How Frequently are Hawks spotted in Iowa in Summer and Winter?
A: Hawks can be spotted in Iowa yearly, but their abundance varies between seasons. When they breed and raise their young, hawks are commonly observed in summer. In winter, some species migrate south, while others remain in Iowa depending on prey availabilityy.
